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54 BC. Julius Caesare invades Britain with 5 legions and 2,000 cavalry, lands in Kent, defeats British coalition. Kentish tribes attack Roman naval camp and are defeated. Hostages taken, tribute fisxed. Romans return to Gaul.
s43 AD Aulus Plautus, with 4 legions and about 20,000 auxilliary troops, invadess Britain from Boulogne. Britons defeated in skrmisshes, Dobunni surrender to Rome. Romans under Vespasian forces cross river Medway and win decisive battle.
Aug-Sept Emperor Claudius arrives with reinforcements, including elephants, personally supervises capture of Colchester. Claudius accepts surrender of Catuvellauni and other tribes, appoints Aulus Plautius first governor and returns to Rome.
43-47 Governorship of Aulust Plautius. Vespasian, commanding legion II from base at fishbourne, conquers South West Britain to Exeter, taking Isle of Wight, reducign 20 hillforts, including Maiden Castle, Doreset, he accepts surrender of Durotiges (Dorset), Dummonii (Devon), bases legion II at Exeter. Legion IX advancess north-east to eventual base at Lincoln, legion XIV through Midlands. Legion XX establishes base at Colchester. Military bases built also at Gloucester and St Albans, forts on both sides of Severn-Humber frontier line.
Client kingdoms recognised outside roman province: Iceni (East Anglia), Regni Attrebates (Sussex)s, Brigantes (North England).
Foundation of London. Romans build first bridge across River Thames, (near the present London Bridge), and military base on north side at Cornhill. Commercial centre and port develop on site of City of London. Headquarters of Procurate (financial administrato) in London. Military roads built, many converging on London.
47 Ostorious Scapula, Governor, defeats raiding Welsh tribes led by Caratacus.
48 Osstorius disarms tribes south of frontier, including allies, Iceni resist, but are defeated. roman defeat Decangli (North East Wales).
49 Colchester, now provincial capital, made 'colonial' (settlement of veteran soldiers) and centre of imperial cult, with temple of Claudius.
Mendip lead-mines, somerset, worked by Roman army but demilitarized by AD 60.
49-50 Silures (South East Wales) attack Romans. Ostorius, with legions XIV and XX, pushes up River severn and builds forts to cut off South Wales
51 Caratacus heads Ordovices (North Wales), into battle against Romans on upper River Severn, flees to Brigantes (North England), after defeat, is betrayed to romans. He is exhibited in Rome in chains, but pardoned. Silures continue guerilla warfare.
Foundation of St Albans as 'municipium' (self-governing town). Silchester city centre developed: baths, amphitheatre, forum.
60-61 Paulinus takes Anglesey, last stronghold of Druid priesthood, destroys sacred groves and garrisons island.
61 Rebellion of Iceni (East Anglia) caused by Roman attempt to seize kingdom after king's death. His widow, Bouddica (Boadicea) resisting offical of Procurator Decianus Catuss, is flogged, her daughters raped. Boudicca rouses Iceni and Trinovantes (Essex) who resent foundation of Colchester. Britons destroy Colchester, massacre Roman settlers, defeat legion IX under Petilius Cerialis. Paulinus hurries south with legion XIV and part of XX, abandons London as indefnesible, withdraws to the north. Britons sack London, St albans, are defeated by Paulinus in pitched battle in Midlands. Bouddica kills herself. Paulinus punishes rebels and neutral tribes alike. new Procurator Juliuss Classicanus intervenes to prevent further uprising. Paulinus removed from office after imperial inquiry.
61-68. South Britain calm. Cornwall occupied. Legion II Augusta moves to Gloucester, Exeter now civilian town. Legion XIV leaves Britain.
68 Vettius Bolanus, Governor, attackss anti-Roman faction now in power among Brigantes (north England) without success.
71 Petilius Cerialis, governor, conquers Parisi (Humberside), and Brigantes, with legion IX and legion XX under Agricola.ss
74 Julisu Frontinus, Governor, conquers silures (south Wales) bulds fortress at Caerleon for legion II Augusta. He begins conquest of Ordovices (North Wales) and fortress at Chester for legion II Adiutrix.
78 Agricola, now governor, finally subdes North Wales
79 Agricola completes conquest of North West Britain and legionary fortress at Chester.
80 Agricola, with legions IX and X, advances to river Tay, fortifying Carlisle and Corbridge.
75-80 Agricola encourages Romanization in architecture, education and dress: town centres developed in Cirencester, Exeter, Lincoln, St Albans.
Governor's palace and basilica built in London, main palace at Fishbourne built; villas appear in South East Britain
81 Agricola establishes Forth-Clyde frontier with forts: large fort at Newstead on River Tweed.
82 Agricola subdes South West Scotland, by sea from Cumbria. Coast of Galloway occupied, with view to possible invasion of Ireland.
83 Campaigning against 'Caledoni' north of forth-clyde line. romans reach Aberdeenshire, begin fortress for legion XX at Inchtuthil on river Tay, and buil forts to close glens.
84 Battle of Mons Grapius; Claedonii under Calgacus defeated. Army advances to south coast of Moray firth, Fleet sails round North Scotland, visiting Orkneys.
85 Agricola recalled to Rome. New roads to north built by Agricola. Wales and nOrth Britain defened by system of forts and roads. Naval base at Dover for British fleet.
from 87 Fighting in North Britain, and Scotland. Romans withdraw to Forth-Clyde frontier, abandon INchtuthil.
by 100 First public baths in London and Bath: temples and theatres built: Canterbury, theatre, AD 90.
by 105 Romans leave Scotland. Tyne-Solway line made frontier. Scottish and northern forts abandoned and burnt.
122 emperor Hadrian vsitis Britain, decides to build wall from Tyne to Solway frontier. Forum and fort in London completed.
122-139 Building of Hadrian's wall: 75 miles long, from Wallsend on east coast to Barrow-on-Solness on west coast.
by 130 Town centres redeveloped: Wroxeter (Ad 129-30), Leicster, Slichester, 2nd forum of London
139 Emperor Antonius decides to retake Scottish lowlands. New governor, Lollius Urbicius, begins advance to Clyde-Forth line. Forst in Lowlands rebuilt, Newstead largest.
142-144 Turf wall build from Bridgeness on river Forth to Old Kilpatrick on River Clide (Antonine Wall)
154-155 Serious revot of Brigantes in Pennines, put down by Governor Julius Verus, forces Roman retreat from Scotland again.
from 158 Hadrian's wall refortified.
160 Antoine Wall reoccupied.
169-175 Forts built or rebuilt in Wales, possibly as a result of revolt.
180 Scottish tribes cross Hadrian's wall, ravage countryu, defeat Roman troops. Ulpius Marcellus, Governor, begins campaign against them.
185 Marcellus, after punitive campaign beyond Antonine Wall, retreats to hadrian's wall. Troops withdrawn from lowalnd forts. gederation of tribes living both sides of antonine Wall are in treaty relationship with Rome, tribes of far north (Caledonii) give guarantee not to attack.
by 200 Pottery industry established, especially in Oxfordshire. Earthwork defences built around townss, stone wall begun around London. Temples of Mithras built, 4 on Hadrian's Wall, 1 in London.
208-209 Severus and Caracall march through fife to Aberdeen against
54 BC. Julius Caesare invades Britain with 5 legions and 2,000 cavalry, lands in Kent, defeats British coalition. Kentish tribes attack Roman naval camp and are defeated. Hostages taken, tribute fisxed. Romans return to Gaul.
s43 AD Aulus Plautus, with 4 legions and about 20,000 auxilliary troops, invadess Britain from Boulogne. Britons defeated in skrmisshes, Dobunni surrender to Rome. Romans under Vespasian forces cross river Medway and win decisive battle.
Aug-Sept Emperor Claudius arrives with reinforcements, including elephants, personally supervises capture of Colchester. Claudius accepts surrender of Catuvellauni and other tribes, appoints Aulus Plautius first governor and returns to Rome.
43-47 Governorship of Aulust Plautius. Vespasian, commanding legion II from base at fishbourne, conquers South West Britain to Exeter, taking Isle of Wight, reducign 20 hillforts, including Maiden Castle, Doreset, he accepts surrender of Durotiges (Dorset), Dummonii (Devon), bases legion II at Exeter. Legion IX advancess north-east to eventual base at Lincoln, legion XIV through Midlands. Legion XX establishes base at Colchester. Military bases built also at Gloucester and St Albans, forts on both sides of Severn-Humber frontier line.
Client kingdoms recognised outside roman province: Iceni (East Anglia), Regni Attrebates (Sussex)s, Brigantes (North England).
Foundation of London. Romans build first bridge across River Thames, (near the present London Bridge), and military base on north side at Cornhill. Commercial centre and port develop on site of City of London. Headquarters of Procurate (financial administrato) in London. Military roads built, many converging on London.
47 Ostorious Scapula, Governor, defeats raiding Welsh tribes led by Caratacus.
48 Osstorius disarms tribes south of frontier, including allies, Iceni resist, but are defeated. roman defeat Decangli (North East Wales).
49 Colchester, now provincial capital, made 'colonial' (settlement of veteran soldiers) and centre of imperial cult, with temple of Claudius.
Mendip lead-mines, somerset, worked by Roman army but demilitarized by AD 60.
49-50 Silures (South East Wales) attack Romans. Ostorius, with legions XIV and XX, pushes up River severn and builds forts to cut off South Wales
51 Caratacus heads Ordovices (North Wales), into battle against Romans on upper River Severn, flees to Brigantes (North England), after defeat, is betrayed to romans. He is exhibited in Rome in chains, but pardoned. Silures continue guerilla warfare.
Foundation of St Albans as 'municipium' (self-governing town). Silchester city centre developed: baths, amphitheatre, forum.
60-61 Paulinus takes Anglesey, last stronghold of Druid priesthood, destroys sacred groves and garrisons island.
61 Rebellion of Iceni (East Anglia) caused by Roman attempt to seize kingdom after king's death. His widow, Bouddica (Boadicea) resisting offical of Procurator Decianus Catuss, is flogged, her daughters raped. Boudicca rouses Iceni and Trinovantes (Essex) who resent foundation of Colchester. Britons destroy Colchester, massacre Roman settlers, defeat legion IX under Petilius Cerialis. Paulinus hurries south with legion XIV and part of XX, abandons London as indefnesible, withdraws to the north. Britons sack London, St albans, are defeated by Paulinus in pitched battle in Midlands. Bouddica kills herself. Paulinus punishes rebels and neutral tribes alike. new Procurator Juliuss Classicanus intervenes to prevent further uprising. Paulinus removed from office after imperial inquiry.
61-68. South Britain calm. Cornwall occupied. Legion II Augusta moves to Gloucester, Exeter now civilian town. Legion XIV leaves Britain.
68 Vettius Bolanus, Governor, attackss anti-Roman faction now in power among Brigantes (north England) without success.
71 Petilius Cerialis, governor, conquers Parisi (Humberside), and Brigantes, with legion IX and legion XX under Agricola.ss
74 Julisu Frontinus, Governor, conquers silures (south Wales) bulds fortress at Caerleon for legion II Augusta. He begins conquest of Ordovices (North Wales) and fortress at Chester for legion II Adiutrix.
78 Agricola, now governor, finally subdes North Wales
79 Agricola completes conquest of North West Britain and legionary fortress at Chester.
80 Agricola, with legions IX and X, advances to river Tay, fortifying Carlisle and Corbridge.
75-80 Agricola encourages Romanization in architecture, education and dress: town centres developed in Cirencester, Exeter, Lincoln, St Albans.
Governor's palace and basilica built in London, main palace at Fishbourne built; villas appear in South East Britain
81 Agricola establishes Forth-Clyde frontier with forts: large fort at Newstead on River Tweed.
82 Agricola subdes South West Scotland, by sea from Cumbria. Coast of Galloway occupied, with view to possible invasion of Ireland.
83 Campaigning against 'Caledoni' north of forth-clyde line. romans reach Aberdeenshire, begin fortress for legion XX at Inchtuthil on river Tay, and buil forts to close glens.
84 Battle of Mons Grapius; Claedonii under Calgacus defeated. Army advances to south coast of Moray firth, Fleet sails round North Scotland, visiting Orkneys.
85 Agricola recalled to Rome. New roads to north built by Agricola. Wales and nOrth Britain defened by system of forts and roads. Naval base at Dover for British fleet.
from 87 Fighting in North Britain, and Scotland. Romans withdraw to Forth-Clyde frontier, abandon INchtuthil.
by 100 First public baths in London and Bath: temples and theatres built: Canterbury, theatre, AD 90.
by 105 Romans leave Scotland. Tyne-Solway line made frontier. Scottish and northern forts abandoned and burnt.
122 emperor Hadrian vsitis Britain, decides to build wall from Tyne to Solway frontier. Forum and fort in London completed.
122-139 Building of Hadrian's wall: 75 miles long, from Wallsend on east coast to Barrow-on-Solness on west coast.
by 130 Town centres redeveloped: Wroxeter (Ad 129-30), Leicster, Slichester, 2nd forum of London
139 Emperor Antonius decides to retake Scottish lowlands. New governor, Lollius Urbicius, begins advance to Clyde-Forth line. Forst in Lowlands rebuilt, Newstead largest.
142-144 Turf wall build from Bridgeness on river Forth to Old Kilpatrick on River Clide (Antonine Wall)
154-155 Serious revot of Brigantes in Pennines, put down by Governor Julius Verus, forces Roman retreat from Scotland again.
from 158 Hadrian's wall refortified.
160 Antoine Wall reoccupied.
169-175 Forts built or rebuilt in Wales, possibly as a result of revolt.
180 Scottish tribes cross Hadrian's wall, ravage countryu, defeat Roman troops. Ulpius Marcellus, Governor, begins campaign against them.
185 Marcellus, after punitive campaign beyond Antonine Wall, retreats to hadrian's wall. Troops withdrawn from lowalnd forts. gederation of tribes living both sides of antonine Wall are in treaty relationship with Rome, tribes of far north (Caledonii) give guarantee not to attack.
by 200 Pottery industry established, especially in Oxfordshire. Earthwork defences built around townss, stone wall begun around London. Temples of Mithras built, 4 on Hadrian's Wall, 1 in London.
208-209 Severus and Caracall march through fife to Aberdeen against
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